Religions of Mesoamerica

Gene One - Going Public

Gene One - Going Public Free Online Research Papers Introduction Making the decision to transition from a private to public company, Gene One faces many obstacles that must be overcome in order to be established as strong competitor on Wall Street. The goal of Gene One is to go IPO within 3 years and increase annual growth targets by 40 percent without sacrificing the culture of the organization. Having received resignations from top executives based on the company’s decision to go public, Gene One has the challenge of forming a senior leadership team that is capable of making the transition. The team needs to ensure requirements of the SEC are met to avoid future consequences. By benchmarking other companies, Gene One will be able to learn from the best practices as well as the mistakes that have been made when going IPO. Taking advantage of this information will lead to a successful transition and allow Gene One to accomplish the goals executives have set forth. Course Concepts Formalization and Span of Control are two course concepts that are reflective in Entergy Corporation and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. â€Å"Formalization is the degree to which organizations standardize behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanisms†. In other words, formalization represents the establishment of standardization as a coordinating mechanism (McShane and Glinow, 2005). J. Wayne Leonard, CEO since 1999 has been responsible for leading the organization and setting philosophies and long-term strategies that are consistently applied and implemented. â€Å"CEOs and other employees with strong security needs and a low tolerance for ambiguity like working in highly formalized organizations, others become alienated and feel powerless in formalized areas† (McShane and Glinow, 2005). Employees at Pfizer and Entergy Corporation share the need for strong security and low ambiguity. The Span of Control describes the number of employees reporting to the subsequent in the organizational pecking order. Entergy Corporation and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals are both large organizations and it would be very difficult for one supervisor to supervise 75 or more people. The span of control consists of a relatively narrow margin of control limiting 20 or less employees per supervisor. Span of control and centralization are two course concepts that were discovered in both Radio One and 1st Pacific Bancorp. McShane and Glinow (2005) defines span of control as the number of people directly reporting to the next in the organizational hierarchy. Catherine Hughes and her son Alfred Liggins are joined in the top ranking by three other top executives. They oversee the work of 14 senior managers and a board that consists of 7 members. This differs from 1st Pacific Bancorp. The company has seven members on its board of directors that works with an advisory board consisting of 29 members and four senior managers. Centralization means that formal decision-making authority is held by a small group of people, typically those at the top of the organizational hierarchy (McShane and Glinow 2005). Both companies have centralized structures. The founder and other top executives serve in their position as well as on the board of directors. Therefore, they are involved in different aspects of the business and can make decisions using different viewpoints. Starbucks Coffee Corporation and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts share the element of centralization. This means that formal decision authority is held by a small group of people, typically senior management. Unlike Starbucks Coffee and Krispy Kreme â€Å"many organizations decentralize as they become larger and more complex because senior executives lack the necessary time and expertise to process all decisions† (McShane and Glinow, 2005). In 1982, Schultz became director of retail operation (Wilson, 2008). When Shultz took over a new era begin for the business. Schultz spent all his time at the stores trying to make everything perfect in every way. Krispy Kreme struggled for a few years, but in 1989 the company had become debt-free and slowly begun to expand. The practices of Starbucks Coffee Corporation and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts are indicative of their commitment to remain manageable and centralized. Google and Clearwire Corporation both share the fundamentals of a formalized organization. They operate under standardized behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanisms that have contributed to the organizations successful performance. As a private company Google was hugely successful and because of this they were not expected to go public especially as soon as they did. Since 1999 the company had raised $40 million and had enough cash flow to continue business as is. Formalization plays a major role in the rapid growth rates that are believed to be a result of Clearwire’s innovative services which lead customers to choose broadband over cable modem and DSL internet services. The company has advantages over existing wireless networks when it comes to speed, portability, and reliability (NASDAQ, 2008). Compare and Contrast In comparison to Gene One, Entergys continuing proposal is to maintain equilibrium and industry comprehension to position Entergy as a leading incorporated wholesale energy company. At Gene One distinct planned initiatives helped to inflate the organization to a successful high. Entergy Corporation’s clear planned initiatives in nuclear generation collection, develop power projects in preferred expansion markets, fabricate product advertising and trading capabilities, and reinforce core utility authorization have taken them to equal heights. Entergy’s revenue was more than $11 billion in 2007 and it employs approximately 14,000 people according to the 2007 Annual Report† (Entergy, 2008). The organizational culture at Entergy Corporation demands the highest ethical standards. The reliable ethical ideology at Gene One, along with their ground-breaking initiatives in the biotechnology arena have propelled Gene One to the forefront of that industry as Entergy Corporation has propelled in the nuclear energy industry. Like Gene One is in the biotechnology industry, Pfizer is devoted to being a global controller in healthcare and to assisting with changing millions of lives for the better through providing admission to secure, efficient, and reasonably priced medicines and link healthcare services to the people who need them. Radio One emerged in a short time as a leader in it field as well as Gene One. The focal point of their training is in urban markets. Without much opposition they have been able to expand top skills in programming promotion and turnaround know-how. Gene One has immense potential to use the public’s interest in biotechnology to expand the company. Radio One was able to gain a periphery in the entertainment business by expanding from radio into magazines and the World Wide Web. Several ways to keep growing include acquiring other businesses, contributing new products, services, and technologies, and selling shares of the company in the public market. The Initial Public Offering of common Stock for Radio One was filed in 1999. Forward-looking statements for the company were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The initial IPO for 1st Pacific Bancorp was filed and completed in 2000 (NASDAQ, 1976). In 2007 the company underwent reorganization. This allowed a holding company to be formed. This holding company is known as 1st Pacific Bank. The banks outstanding stock was converted into an equal number of public company shares. Domestic growth of Starbucks Coffee Corporation has slowed down, although the company continues to expand in foreign markets. The first location outside of the United States and Canada was established in 1996 (Wilson, 2008). In 1991, Starbucks had 165 stores operating. Starbucks has become nationally known. This company currently has expanded to 7,225 stores including overseas operations (Wilson, 2008). Krispy Kreme continues to grow and thrive through the production of over 20 varieties of doughnuts, a variety of coffees, and other beverages and the opening of new stores. Today the company continues to expand the international operations. On April 29, 2004 Google announced that they would go IPO and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Like Gene One, Google was able to pull off its initial public offering the company faced many obstacles along the way. The number of shares dropped and the organization was faced with the decision not to seek assistance from skeptical investors. Clearwire entered the public market with considerable losses and huge debt. The company merely needed IPO capital in order to endure. Losses are predicted to amplify in the years to come however; the certainty is that by 2011 Clearwire will become lucrative (Cook, 2007). Having a founder who has had much success in the industry and receiving backing by big-name investor’s success is definitely possible for Clearwire. Conclusion Gene One can learn from each organizations mishap of innovative ideas as presented in each synopsis. The responsibility of leadership within each organization presented and Gene One is to keep employees informed as the organizations move forward with the IPO process. Gene One and the other organizations will use whatever resources are available to prior to determining if outsourcing prior to the IPO offering is necessary. References Cintron, Ivan. (2008). High Beam Research. Black Enterprise. Retrieved December 18, 2008 from www.highbeam.com Cook, J. (2007, March 8). Clearwire IPO nets $600 million. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved December 20, 2008, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/306553_clearwire08.html. Entergy Corporation, (2008). Retrieved on December 19, 2008 from https://www.entergy.com. Garza, George. (2007). The History of Starbucks. Retrieved December 19, 2008 from https://www.catalogs.com. Krispy Kreme. (2008). Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Coffee Since 1937. Retrieved December 19, 2008 from krispykreme.com. McShane, S.L. Glinow, M.V. (2005). Organizational Behavior: Emerging Realities for the Workplace Revolution. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies. NASDAQ (1976). 1st Pacific Bancorp. Retrieved December 12, 2008, from http://secfilings.nasdaq.com/edgar_conv_html%2f2008%2f03%2f31%2f0001047469-08-003795.html#FIS_BUSINESS NASDAQ (2008). SEC Filings: Clearwire Corporation. Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://secfilings.nasdaq.com/edgar_conv_html%2f2008%2f03%2f13%2f0000891020-08-000056.html#FIS_BUSINESS Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (2008). Retrieved on December 19, 2008 from https:www.pfizer.com. Radio One (2008). Radio One The Urban Media Specialist. Retrieved December 18, 2008, from www.radio-one.com/about. Tunick, B. E. (2005, January 17). Google goes its own way. Investment Dealers Digest, 71(2), 56-57. Retrieved December 20, 2008, from Business source complete database. Wilson, Randy 2008 The Coffee Site: Starbucks Coffee History Retrieved December 19, 2008 from htts://www.twilightroastery.com Entergy Corporation (Anita Clark) The Entergy Corporation began with a mound of sawdust and a handshake. The sawdust belonged to H. H. Foster, president of the Arkansas Land and Lumber Company. The handshake was between Foster and Harvey Couch, president of Arkansas Power Company. Entergy New Orleans, a company of Entergy Corporation, is an electric and gas utility serving Orleans Parish. Entergy New Orleans plays a fundamental role in economic development through its operations in New Orleans. Like Gene One, Entergys long-term plan is to influence balance and industry knowledge to set up Entergy as a leading incorporated wholesale energy company. At Gene One defined planned initiatives helped to expand the organization to a successful high. Entergy Corporation’s defined planned initiatives in nuclear generation collection, develop power projects in chosen expansion markets, build product advertising and trading capabilities, and reinforce core utility authorization have taken them to equal heights. A member of the Fortune 500, Entergy, owns and operates power plants with roughly 30,000 megawatts of electric generating capability, and it is the second-largest nuclear generator in the United States. â€Å"Entergy delivers electricity to 2.7 million utility customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. Energy’s revenue was more than $11 billion in 2007 and it employs approximately 14,000 people according to the 2007 Annual Report† (Entergy, 2008). The culture at Entergy Corporation demands the highest ethical standards. The sound ethical principles at Gene One, along with their innovative initiatives in the biotechnology have propelled the organization to the forefront of that industry as Entergy Corporation has propelled in the nuclear energy industry. J. Wayne Leonard, CEO since 1999 has been responsible for leading the organization and setting philosophies and long-term strategies that are consistently applied and implemented. â€Å"CEOs and other employees with strong security needs and a low tolerance for ambiguity like working in highly formalized organizations, other become alienated and feels powerless in formalized areas† (McShane and Glinow (2005). Organizing objectives and plans that meet the needs of shareholders, stakeholders and employees is essential. J. Wayne Leonard effectively led the Entergy Corporation organization through the restoration of power in Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas after Hurricane’s Katrina and Rita. This tremendous effort is indicative to the values and ethics that Entergy Corporation abides by on a daily basis. These qualities are not unique to Gene One as they make the quest for public trading. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (Anita Clark) Pfizer was founded by cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in 1849, the pharmaceutical organization has remained committed to discovering and developing innovative, and enhanced, ways to treat and prevent disease and advance the health and value of life for people around the world. From the phenomenon of penicillin to the patient support program Pfizer has developed the organization strives to grow bigger and stronger every day. The organization sets strides to continue to explore the rich history and see how organizational planning continually evolved the organization to keep pace with the needs and expectations of the stakeholders and society as a whole. Like Gene One is in the biotechnology industry, Pfizer is dedicated to being a global organizer in health care and to assisting with changing millions of lives for the better through providing admission to secure, efficient and reasonably priced medicines and linked health care services to the people who need them. â€Å"Pfizer has a primary collection of medicines that avert, treat and cure diseases across a wide variety of therapeutic areas, and an industry-leading channel of capable new products in areas such as oncology, cardiovascular disease and diabetes† (Pfizer, 2008). Gene One has a collection of research efforts that provided the elements required for the organization to reach the level of public trading. Pfizer is a member of today’s fast evolving global society, everyone is determined to adjust to the developing requirements of society and be a factor to the overall health and wellness of our world. The organization is continually reviewing and improving efforts to reduce the impact on the environment, cultivate a workplace of multiplicity and addition, conduct reliable business practices, and support the uppermost ethical standards in everything from research and development to sales and marketing. In comparison to Gene One, both organizations have high ethical standards when it comes to employee responsibility for organizational growth, research and marketing the products. Pfizer continues to build partnerships in communities all over the world to reinforce health systems, increase admission to medicines and find sustainable solutions to the health challenges of today, and tomorrow. Course Concepts Formalization and Span of Control are two course concepts that are reflective in Entergy Corporation and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. â€Å"Formalization is the degree to which organizations standardize behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanisms. In other words, formalization represents the establishment of standardization as a coordinating mechanism (McShane and Glinow, 2005). The Span of Control describes the number of employees reporting to the subsequent in the organizational pecking order. Entergy Corporation and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals are both large organizations and it would be very difficult for one supervisor to supervise 75 or more people. The span of control consists of a relatively narrow margin of control limiting 20 or less employees per supervisor. Gene One fits the span of control pecking order. There are different groups or departments with a corresponding supervisor depending of the area. Starbucks Coffee Corporation (Sharmeka Clark) Starbucks Coffee Corporation is a national coffeehouse chain based in the United States. The company was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington, as a local coffee bean roaster and retailer. Starbuck original founders were three friends Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker, and Zev Siegl who shared a passion for fresh coffee (Garza, 2007). The men named the company after the first mate in the novel Moby-Dick. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, snacks and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Domestic growth of the company has slowed down, although the company continues to expand in foreign markets. The first location outside of the United States and Canada was established in 1996 (Wilson, 2008). The founders designed their own well known logo for Starbucks. Baldwin, Bowker, and Siegl never thought this small company would become a large company. As time progressed the founders began to have other interests and were involved in other careers. A man by the name of Howard Schultz started to show an interest in the company. In 1982, Schultz became director of retail operation (Wilson, 2008). When Shultz took over a new era begin for the business. Schultz spent all his time at the stores trying to make everything perfect in every way. One of Schultz biggest ideas came from a visit to Italy. During this trip Schultz experienced going to a coffee shop and seeing the idea of an espresso bar. This was not going to be an easy task but finally in 1984 Starbucks opened the espresso bar within the Starbucks franchise (Garza, 2007). Today, Starbucks is known as an Espresso bar, few people order regular coffee. In 1985, Schultz decided to go on to a new adventure. He left Starbucks. The company has still continued expansions. In 1987, a store in Chicago was opened this would quickly expand to Portland, Oregon and Los Angeles. In 1991, Starbucks had 165 stores operating. Starbucks has become nationally known. This company currently has expanded to 7,225 stores including overseas operations (Wilson, 2008). Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (Sharmeka Clark) Krispy Kreme Doughnuts began operating in the mid-1930s when a doughnut maker named Vernon Rudolph bought a secret recipe for yeast-raised doughnuts from a French pastry chef out of New Orleans, Louisiana. Mr. Rudolph moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina and, on July 13, 1937, opened up a wholesale business selling Krispy Kreme doughnuts to local grocery stores (Krispy Keme, 2008). People began requesting the purchase of hot doughnuts, so Rudolph cut a hole in the factory wall and sold hot original glazed doughnuts directly to customers. By the 1940s and 1950s there were a small chain of Krispy Kreme stores that were mostly family-owned. During the 1960s Krispy Kreme had a steady growth throughout the Southeast and began expanding. Vernon Rudolph died in 1973. Beatrice Foods bought the company and quickly expanded it to more than 100 locations. Beatrice Foods introduced other products in addition to the doughnuts, such as soups and sandwiches (Krispy Keme, 2008) the new owners also cut costs by changing the appearance of the stores and substituting cheaper ingredients in the doughnut mixture. In 1980 the company was starting to fail in production and finance, so Beatrice Foods put it up for sale. A group of franchisees, who were in the original Krispy Kreme franchisees, completed the buyout of the company in 1982. They also bought back the original doughnut recipe and the companys traditional logo (Krispy Kreme, 2008). Krispy Kreme struggled for a few years, but in 1989 the company had become debt-free and slowly begun to expand. A store was opened in New York in 1986, and in 1999 Krispy Kreme opened in California. In December 2001 the franchise opened the first international store in Canada. Today the company continues to expand the international operations. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts celebrated 60-years of being in business in 1997. The company has been recognized by the Smithsonian National Museum of American History (Krispy Keme, 2008). The company continues to grow and thrive through the production of over 20 varieties of doughnuts, a variety of coffees, and other beverages and the opening of new stores. Radio One (Sheena Johnson) Radio One Inc. is one of the largest radio broadcast companies (Radio One, 2008). The company was founded over 25 years ago its media targets primarily African-American markets. Chairperson and Founder, Catherine Hughes partnered with her son Alfred Liggins to run the company. Her son acts as CEO and President Radio One Inc. owns and or operates over 50 radios stations in 16 different markets, Giant Magazine, cable network TV One LLC, and Reach Media Inc. also known as www.blackamericaweb.com (Radio One, 2008). Like Gene One, Radio One emerged in a short time as a leader in it field. The focus of their programming is in urban markets. Without much competition they have been able to develop top skills in programming marketing and turnaround expertise. Gene One has great potential to use the public’s interest in biotechnology to expand the company. Radio One was able to gain an edge in the entertainment business buy expanding from radio into magazines and the World Wide Web. Ways to keep expanding include acquiring other business, offering new products, services and technologies, and selling shares of the company in the public market. Prior to 1999 Radio One was a privately owned company. Its market base began on the east coast out of Lanham, Maryland. The operations were growing but still limited to the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington DC markets. The trendsetting urban media was not unlike the new gene technology of Gene One. There was obvious growth potential with both companies meaning that going public would boost sales and investments. The Initial Public Offering of common Stock for Radio One was filed in 1999. Forward-looking statements for the company were filed with the SEC, Securities Exchange. The statements included information about management’s expectations, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could possibly affect the future performance and achievements of the company. Radio One filed to sell 5 million shares of Class A stock (Cintron, 2008). Hughes and Liggens wanted to use the proceeds of the stock to acquire new business, to develop new activities and services, and also for o ther corporate purposes. After the first year as a public company it gross earnings increased from $28.2 million to $93.2 million in a year. 1st Pacific Bancorp (Sheena Johnson) 1st Pacific Bancorp was incorporated on August 4, 2006. The corporation serves as an umbrella for several local banking institutions in the San Diego, California area. 1st Pacific Bancorp has grown with the city. San Diego started from a small military into one of the nation’s most recognized cities. The company was able to capitalize on the city’s growth. New branches were opened and other privately own banks were acquired. The target customers live and work within the city limits. Banking services include consumer loans, deposits products and services, back deposits, cash management services and internet banking (NASDAQ, 1976). The company introduced a new service in 2006. This new technology goes by the name of Remote Deposit Capture. This service allows clients to make deposits into their business accounts from their place of business. 1st Pacific Bancorp can be an example for Gene One. Gene One is looking to develop new technologies prior to becoming a publicly traded company but they need investors to accomplish this goal. 1st Pacific became public and than developed new services and they have been proven successful in their market. Gene One has become more successful thanks to their gene technology that eradicated disease in tomatoes potatoes. They could improve upon this technology to get more investors instead of attempting to raise money for new costly technologies. The initial IPO for 1st Pacific Bancorp was filed and completed in 2000 (NASDAQ, 1976). In 2007 the company underwent reorganization. This allowed a holding company to be formed. This holding company is known as 1st Pacific Bank. The banks outstanding stock was converted into an equal number of public company shares. Course Concepts: Span of control and centralization are two course concepts that were discovered in both Radio One and 1st Pacific Bancorp. McShane and Glinow (2005) defines span of control as the number of people directly reporting to the next in the organizational hierarchy. Catherine Hughes and her son Alfred Liggins are joined in the top ranking by three other top executives. They oversee the work of 14 senior managers and a board that consists of 7 members. This differs from 1st Pacific Bancorp. The company has seven members on its board of directors that works with an advisory board consisting of 29 members and four senior managers. Centralization means that formal decision-making authority is held by a small group of people, typically those at the top of the organizational hierarchy (McShane and Glinow 2005). Both companies have centralized structures. The founder and other top executives serve in their position as well as on the board of director. Therefore they are involved in different aspects of the business and can make decisions using different viewpoints. Google (Eve Young) Meeting at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page founded Google in 1998 with a focus of improving the way people connect with information. As a private company Google was hugely successful and because of this they were not expected to go public especially as soon as they did. Since 1999 the company had raised $40 million and had enough cash flow to continue business as is. However, on April 29, 2004 Google announced that they would go IPO and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Using the non-traditional Dutch auctioning system the company was able to keep control over choosing the investment bankers while opening the deal to any firm that was willing to bid. In the end, Credit Suisse First Boston and Morgan Stanley were chosen to complete the underwriting process (Tunick, 2005). While Google was able to pull off its initial public offering the company faced many obstacles along the way. Finding themselves setting price for shares during a time that was slow for new issuance forced Google to cut the price to $85 per share from the $108 to $135 price per share that the company had hoped. The number of shares offered also dropped from 25.7 million to 19.6 million. Google also faced scrutiny for their decision not to divulge financial guidance to skeptical investors and withholding any details regarding the deal by swearing involved bankers to secrecy. Google’s founders also interviewed with Playboy magazine which was a violation of the SEC’s required quiet-period. It was thought that this violation would lead to pulling the deal (Tunick, 2005). Google’s stock was successful despite all the obstacles and criticism. The offering price closed at $100.34 per share which was an 18 percent increase from the initial offering. Increasing 127% over the offering, at the end of 2004 shares closed at $192.79 (Tunick, 2005). Google remains the most popular web search web site today due to the company’s continued development of innovative products and services for users. Clearwire Corporation (Eve Young) Founded in October 2003 by telecommunications pioneer, Craig McCaw, Clearwire Corporation offers wireless broadband services to homes and businesses via WiMax technology. Having had lost $459 million in December 2006, the company looked to going IPO as an opportunity to expand its high-speed wireless networks. Clearwire went public in March of the following year using Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan to underwrite the deal (Cook, 2007). The business quickly grew after its initial price offering. By December 31, 2007 the company offered services to more than 16.3 million people and 46 markets in the United States. The rapid growth rates are believed to be a result of Clearwire’s innovative services which lead customers to choose broadband over cable modem and DSL internet services. The company has advantages over existing wireless networks when it comes to speed, portability, and reliability (NASDAQ, 2008). In just a year’s time Clearwire was able to increase its number of subscribers from 206,000 to 394,000 (Cook, 2007). With a mission of continued growth of the business, Clearwire has plans to invest in building the network and acquiring necessary assets in order to expand. While revenues have increased expenses have as well therefore, making it impossible for the company to turn a profit (NASDAQ, 2008). As the demand for residential broadband grows the anticipation is that the need for anywhere internet access via WiMax will also increase substantially. However, with more companies offering high-speed wireless networks the expectation is that faster speeds will soon be offered at lower prices. Competition will no longer be based on operation but on price and in order for Clearwire to benefit from this they will need to have networks already in place. Remaining competitive in the industry will prove to be difficult for the early stage company (Cook, 2007). Clearwire entered the public market with significant losses and huge debt. The company simply needed IPO capital in order to survive. Losses are expected to increase in the years to come however; the belief is that by 2011 Clearwire will become profitable (Cook, 2007). Having a founder who has had much success in the industry and receiving backing by big-name investors, success is definitely possible for Clearwire. Research Papers on Gene One - the Transition from Private to PublicThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAmerican Central Banking and OilDefinition of Export QuotasDistance Learning Survival GuideInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic EngineeringStandardized Testing

W3,DQ-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W3,DQ-4 - Essay Example Scientific development is the cumulative growth of a knowledge system over time where useful elements are retained, and non-useful elements are deserted rooted in the verification or rejection of testable knowledge (Zwick & Cayla, 2011). Cultural progress is inextricably connected to both technological and scientific progress. Culture naturally concerns much more than just science and technology, but for Merck to be progressive, it has to meet the above explanation of cumulative growth through thanking the past (Zwick & Cayla, 2011). In science, useful elements are retained, and non-useful elements are discarded through the verification or dismissal of testable knowledge. Merck, therefore, should consider that scientific methods, in this way, are created to be progressive (Gilbert & Sarkar, 2005). In technology, on the other hand, useful elements are preserved and non-useful elements are discarded rooted in the market’s rejection or approval of the technologies. The market for science is mainly the community of scientists, but for technology, the market is mainly Merck’s stuff. In order for Merck to be successful, they need to endorse science and technology to the core to avoid such wrangles (Zwick & Cayla, 2011). Above all, the corporation is built on a firm scientific-led culture; therefore, they should work to ensure that this objective is

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis Essay

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis - Essay Example Nevertheless, for a number of children the disease can become critical and necessitate hospitalization owing to complex lower respiratory path virus that include bronchiolitis and pneumonia which can cause permanent lung injury and may result in death (Owen, 18-19). About 20,000 RSV infected children in Britain are sent to hospital every year and the death rate among these children is 0.5-1.5% (Collins and Pollard, 10-17). A research in the USA stated that RSV bronchiolitis was the main cause of children hospitalization throughout 1997-2000 (Leader and Kohlhase, S142-149). Children at high danger of getting serious RSV infection comprise of babies below 6 months. Critical RSV disease has also been linked with lower socio-economic position (Collins and Pollard, 10-17). RSV is extremely transmittable and can be permeate air-borne drops, fomites, by direct communication with emission and through the healthcare team taking care for children with RSV disease. RSV can comprise of a large number of hospital-acquired diseases in children and presents a unique challenge to paediatric wards throughout the winter outbreak. As diseases in the community rises there is an influx of children with critical RSV diseases to paediatric wards and the diseases is passed to children exposed to critical RSV diseases and healthcare personnel in these wards. A study of nosocomial RSV diseases in paediatric wards indicated that hospital-acquired RSV throughout the 1960s and 70s could be as high as 100% of hospitalization (Mlinaric-Galinovic and Varda-Brkic, 237-246). Yet, more researches have proved nosocomial diseases to vary from 1%-29% of hospitalizations conditional on the infection control methods employed (Madge et al, 1079-1083). It has also been proved that the danger of nosocomial RSV rises with the period of hospitalization. As cure and prophylaxis of RSV diseases have inadequate achievement, it is necessary that the contiguity of RSV disease is stopped through disease control. A number of researches have proved that conformity of infection control and cohorting of patients can decrease hospital-acquired RSV to a minimum level (Doherty et al, 203-206). Prognosis RSV disease can, in exceptional cases, trigger fatalities in children. Nevertheless, this is improbable if the children are consulted by a healthcare provider early during the complaint. More critical RSV infection may be observed in: Premature children Children with constant lung infection Children whose immune system does not function well Children with some kinds of heart ailment In older children and youths, the illness will generally be mild. Some data implies that children who have had RSV bronchiolitis are at greater danger for asthma. Its Treatment Treatment for children with bronchiolitis created by respiratory RSV consists of supplemental oxygenation, nasal suction, liquids to stop dehydration, and other helpful treatments. Susceptible children who should be hospitalized comprise of those under three months and those with a preterm birth, cardiopulmonary illness, immunodeficiency, respiratory pain, or insufficient oxygenation. Inhaled beta2-agonist bronchodilators and

Using specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive Essay

Using specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive reactions to parasites can be a defence of the hosts against the parasites and also a disease problem for the hosts - Essay Example 2007] The parasites discussed here mostly refer to helminths, protozoa and arthropods. Inflammation is ‘’a protective response of the animal host caused by cell injury and tissue damage, aiming to eliminate the cause of cell injury and to wall off and remove the injured tissue.’’ [Blood et al. 2007] Cardinal signs of inflammation include the triple response – heat, redness and swelling; and also pain and loss of function. Hypersensitivity is a modified and exaggerated immune reaction of the body to a foreign antigen and is the same as allergy. [Blood et al. 2007] There are different forms of hypersensitivity, namely Type I (immediate anaphylaxis), Type II (cytotoxicity), Type III (immune complex disease) and Type IV (cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity). Understanding the dynamics of host/parasite behaviour may be an important point to start any research of any medical or veterinary intervention to boost the animals’ ability to fight back parasitic invasion. The base line however is that it is possible to achieve 100% prevention against pathogenic effects of the parasites if a little and timely immune based intervention can be applied. An organism’s body has a natural way of responding to undesirable stimuli because of exposure to pathogenic organisms (usually parasites) in the environment. The response can be inflammatory or hypersensitive depending on the causative agent and the magnitude of the effect of the invasion. Inflammation is the quick response of the organism to harmful stimuli such as parasites, damaged cells and other agents that cause irritation to the body manifested through increase in body temperature, swelling, and function loss at the affected area. On the other hand, hypersensitivity refers to the immune reaction of the body against an invading parasite or other pathogenic material. It is undesirable unlike

The Importance Of Peat Bogs Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Peat Bogs Environmental Sciences Essay Peat is a material that is left in the ground by decaying vegetation, and is found in many parts of the world. Conditions most favourable to peat are low temperatures and a fairly moist atmosphere. Peat is formed in waterlogged, sterile, acidic conditions of bogs. These conditions favour the growth of mosses, especially Sphagnum. Sphagnum is a pale or ashy moss from the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains from peat. Peat is brownish/black in colour and in its natural state is composed of 90% water and 10% solid material. Peat consists of sphagnum moss along with roots, leaves, flowers, seeds of heathers, grasses and sedges. There are several types of peat: Fen Peat: is a black peat and contains a large amount of lime. It is usually found in hollows or in the beds of shallow lakes. This is found mainly off the Curragh, Co.Kildare. Blanket bog Peat: is generally found in Irish mountains and in flat areas in Donegal, Galway, Mayo and Kerry. It is composed primarily of grasses. Raised bog Peat: is formed mainly from sphagnum moss. Sphagnum is the main type. These are found exclusively in central Ireland, mainly in the Shannon basin. (Irish Peatland Conservation Council 2002). Here is an example of a peat bog landscape taken in Dublin, Eastern Ireland. (Travel Pod, Peat Bogs Dublin, Ireland). What is a bog? A bog is a type of wetland characterized by a thick mat of partially decomposed material and highly acidic water. Bogs have been useful to humans for thousands of years, providing a source of fuel in the form of peat and food in the form of berries which grow on bog shrubs such as cranberries. Peat bogs are wetland sites with poor drainage. Peat bogs are fed by rainwater and the soil builds up its own water table and acidity. Sphagnum mosses grow and decompose eventually forming layers of peat. Peat piles below the surface and may be many metres deep. (Environment and Heritage Service 2004). Formation of a Peat Bog: Flooded hollows and basins provide idyllic growing conditions for reeds and sedges. When the vegetation dies, it does not rot away completely as the water in the hollows prevents oxygen from reaching the dead plants. The partly-rotted plants steadily build up to form fen peat. Eventually dark fibrous peat completely fills the hollow to form a fen. Most of the nutrients are tied up in the peat and so the only minerals available for plant growth are those dissolved in rainfall. Layers of bog moss, which has the ability to create their own acid environment, begin to replace the fen vegetation and alter fen into true bog. A growing thickness of sphagnum peat slowly accumulates and the surface of the bog starts to rise above the surrounding land. The original fen has now become a raised bog. Raised bogs are mostly found on the lowlands around Lough Neagh, along the Bann Valley and in counties, such as Fermanagh and Tyrone. (Natural Heritage 2005 Abbot 1997). This image is of a raised bog in the Bann River Valley, which is situated in Northern Ireland, separating Londonderry from Antrim. (Irish Peatland Conservation Council 1998). The importance of peat bogs and there benefits. Peat bogs are very important and extremely beneficial to the environment and humans. They are; A living archive. A rich record of information lies sealed in our bogs. Much of this is organic and has a capacity to expand our understanding of people, culture, economy and climate far back to prehistory. Peat bogs have produced some of the most impressive finds of Irish archaeology, including extremely fresh-looking bodies of some of our ancestors. The lack of oxygen in the peat prevents the normal decomposing processes from taking place and so bogs have sealed within them a vast assortment of gold, bronze, amber, wooden and stone objects. These can tell us about how and where people lived in ancient Ireland. Archaeologists have discovered many fascinating structures within and below the peat. Some remains can be revealed without digging the peat. For example; the Stone Age farmland in the Cà ©ide fields, co. Mayo, is covered by up to 4 metres deep. The outline of the farm walls can be mapped by probing with iron rods which go down through the peat until they hit a solid structure. By inquiring at the right angles to the wall, its possible to establish the level of the old ground surface under the bog and the location and elevation of the wall built on the surface. (Irish Peatland Conservation Council 2002). A Habitat. Peat bogs are rich in range of plants and wildlife, some of which are exclusive to these environments. They are home to thousands of insects, including butterflies, dragonflies, and a rare raft spider. Nearly up to a thousand plants grow here, including carnivorous plants such as the great sundew as well as mosses and fungi. Birdlife is rich with waders, wildfowl, nightjar, winchat, merlin and the short-eared owl. A Carbon Source. Peat is rich in fossil carbon which has been removed from the atmosphere by plants accumulated over many years. Drainage and damage of raised bogs results in the quick loss of the stored carbon in the form of greenhouse gases, as the peat decays. Globally, Peat stores twice as much carbon as forests. A fuel source. Peat has been the traditional domestic fuel in Ireland since the early 1300s when peatlands were more widespread. Traditionally peat was cut by hand, using a special turf-spade called a sleà ¡n/slane. It is a slow, labour intensive process that can allow the bog to recover partially. (Godwin 1981) Endangered species. Many rare and unprotected species of plant and animal are found on bogs. For example, The GreenLand White-fronted Goose relies on wet bogs with pools for feeding and roosting. The invertebrates found on bogs contain many rare species. The bog moss Sphagnum imbricatum is entirely restricted to bogs and is the main peat performing species in the oceanic peatland types. Sphagnum imbricatum is becoming rarer as further sites are brought into development and bogs are being destroyed therefore killing off this bog moss. An electricity source. Milled peat moss is used to produce electricity. Milled peat is air dried peat in the form of powder or crumbs. This began first in co.Offaly in the year 1957. Bord na Mà ³na is responsible for peat production in Ireland. Bord na mà ³na owns 80,000ha of peatland and harvest 4 million tonnes of milled peat per year. The main market for milled peat is the energy sector both for burning in power stations and for domestic consumption via briquettes production. A tourist attraction. Due to huge areas of bog land in Ireland, many tourists visit the peat bogs. This is benefiting the local surrounding area economically and making people more aware of the importance of peat bogs. Peat bogs are a great place for Bird watchers as there is a huge diversity of birds. (Godwin 1981 Irish Peatland Conservation Council 1996). Although peat bogs are very important, they do however face many threats, the main one being; Peat extraction and human intervention, the introduction of machines for peat-cutting and milling has destroyed vast areas of bogland. Once the peat is cut, the area is drained and in turn damages the delicate ecosystem. The surface of the peat bog lowers and becomes drier and the wildlife there begins to die or leave. Humans can benefit from cutting peat economically. When humans cut too much peat at one time out of greed, they damage the bog as the peat does not have sufficient time to recover. If the peat was extracted gradually, the bog has a better and longer chance of survival. (Natural Heritage 2005 Environment Waikato Regional Council 1997-2007). There is a huge demand for peat from amateur gardeners. Peat actually isnt a great source of nutrients for plants as it contains very little biological activity. Manufacturers add nutrients to boost its chemical fertility. If gardeners were to make their own compost our peatland wildlife would have a more secure future and there would be less peat extracted from our peat bogs. Another threat faced by our peat bogs is silage run-off. This poisonous run-off can seep into the bogs water table; the results are devastating to both animal and plant life within, killing large numbers of different species present here. Overgrazing can have huge effects on our bogs. This can disturb wildlife and it damages the surface of the bogland. However, it has the ability to increase nutrient levels through animal urine and dung. When there are plant pests present and living, they threaten the biodiversity. They can grow very quickly and will compete against native plants for space, light and nutrients. These pests are reducing the original and native plant diversity. (Backyard Gardener) The Government has had a huge success in introducing laws to protect our peat lands. This was mainly prompted by the Irish Peatland Conservation Council. Our peat bogs need to be protected for many reasons. Bogs contain a wide variety of plants and animals. Without bogs as a habitat some of these animals may become extinct. Animals and plants can live and breed there without being disturbed. (Godwin 1981). Bogs contain a lot of water. Most of the water comes from rainfall. This is an excellent source of water when the community is in need. The peat bogs also help to filter water, leaving it fairly clean. The carbon contained in peat bogs make up 60% of the carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. If the bog is still living, (not destroyed or damaged) then carbon is slowly emitted to the atmosphere which helps reduce carbon dioxide pollution. In return, this provides for a better and cleaner environment. (Poland. Pl 2009) Peat bogs are a natural archive to our past. We can investigate into the changes of climate and the anthropogenic history of the area. Peat takes a long time to accumulate, so by analyzing the remains of plants preserved in peat, we can research changes which took place in the environment over the years. To observe nature in its natural condition unchanged by human intervention becomes a very popular way of spending free time. Therefore, people travel to see this landscape and it becomes a tourist attraction in many ways. (Irish Peatland Conservation Council 1996). What can we do to help save our peat bogs? Its easy and requires simple tasks such as; Refuse to buy peat or plants grown in peat. Stop using peat in your garden; you can start a compost heap as an alternative. Visit a peatland reserve close to you and see the wildlife. Once you do this, youll never want to buy peat again. Raise awareness of the importance of our bogs and inform the local community about our peat bogs. If you live near one, keep an eye out and report any illegal cutting or dumping. Recycle kitchen/garden waste to make your own compost and persuade others to do the same. Oxigen waste company have even introduced a brown bin collection day for all kitchen and garden waste that can decompose. (Irish Peatland Conservation Council 1996). In conclusion, although we may not think about it, peat and peat bogs have a huge influence on humans and the environment and vice versa. Without bogs, a wide variety of species would be killed off, there would be no natural source of history available to historians etc., there would be a lot more carbon in the air which would result in ozone damage, some animals would be left without a habitat and finally, they are a source of water when we are in need. However, Peat lands help humans in many ways and have a huge importance in the world today.

Mac N Cheese :: essays research papers

Stove Top Mac-n-Cheese 1/2 pound elbow macaroni 4 tablespoons butter 2 eggs 6 ounces evaporated milk 1/2 teaspoon hot sauce 1 teaspoon kosher salt Fresh black pepper 3/4 teaspoon dry mustard 10 ounces sharp cheddar, shredded In a large pot of boiling, salted water cook the pasta to al dente and drain. Return to the pot and melt in the butter. Toss to coat. Whisk together the eggs, milk, hot sauce, salt, pepper, and mustard. Stir into the pasta and add the cheese. Over low heat continue to stir for 3 minutes or until creamy. Yield: 6 to 8 servings Prep Time: 10 minutes Cook Time: 25 minutes Difficulty: Easy Thank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-Star Ballot on MLB.com. We invite you to return to the ballot at http://vote.mlb.com and vote a maximum of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favorite players get to Milwaukee! And be sure to watch the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.m. ET, 5 p.m. PT Thank you, Brian Phillips MLB.com If you have mistakenly received this confirmation, please click http://vote.mlb.com/cgi/mlb_optout.pl?email=MADHANDLES29@AOL.COM I I I I II IIII III I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IThank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-Star Ballot on MLB.com. We invite you to return to the ballot at http://vote.mlb.com and vote a maximum of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favorite players get to Milwaukee! And be sure to watch the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.m. ET, 5 p.m. PT Thank you, Brian Phillips MLB.com If you have mistakenly received this confirmation, please click http://vote.mlb.com/cgi/mlb_optout.pl?email=MADHANDLES29@AOL.COM Thank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-Star Ballot on MLB.com. We invite you to return to the ballot at http://vote.mlb.com and vote a maximum of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favorite players get to Milwaukee! And be sure to watch the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.